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Abstract Details
The role of brain inflammation and abnormal brain oxygen homeostasis in the development of hepatic encephalopathy
Metab Brain Dis. 2022 Nov 3. doi: 10.1007/s11011-022-01105-2.Online ahead of print.
1Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark. ancami@clin.au.dk.
2Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.
3UCL Institute of Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, UK.
4The Roger Williams Institute of Hepatology London, Foundation for Liver Research, London, SE5 9NT, UK. a.hadjichambi@researchinliver.org.uk.
5Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK. a.hadjichambi@researchinliver.org.uk.
Abstract
Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a frequent complication of chronic liver disease (CLD) and has a complex pathogenesis. Several preclinical and clinical studies have reported the presence of both peripheral and brain inflammation in CLD and their potential impact in the development of HE. Altered brain vascular density and tone, as well as compromised cerebral and systemic blood flow contributing to the development of brain hypoxia, have also been reported in animal models of HE, while a decrease in cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen and cerebral blood flow has consistently been observed in patients with HE. Whilst significant strides in our understanding have been made over the years, evaluating all these mechanistic elements in vivo and showing causal association with development of HE, have been limited through the practical constraints of experimentation. Nonetheless, improvements in non-invasive assessments of different neurophysiological parameters, coupled with techniques to assess changes in inflammatory and metabolic pathways, will help provide more granular insights on these mechanisms. In this special issue we discuss some of the emerging evidence supporting the hypothesis that brain inflammation and abnormal oxygen homeostasis occur interdependently during CLD and comprise important contributors to the development of HE. This review aims at furnishing evidence for further research in brain inflammation and oxygen homeostasis as additional therapeutic targets and potentially diagnostic markers for HE.