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Abstract Details
Comparison of Ketogenic Diets with and without Ketone Salts versus a Low-Fat Diet: Liver Fat Responses in Overweight Adults
Nutrients. 2021 Mar 17;13(3):966. doi: 10.3390/nu13030966.
Christopher D Crabtree1, Madison L Kackley1, Alexandru Buga1, Brandon Fell1, Richard A LaFountain1, Parker N Hyde1, Teryn N Sapper1, William J Kraemer1, Debbie Scandling2, Orlando P Simonetti23, Jeff S Volek1
Author information
1Department of Human Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43201, USA.
2Dorothy M. Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
3Departments of Radiology and Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
Abstract
Ketogenic diets (KDs) often contain high levels of saturated fat, which may increase liver fat, but the lower carbohydrate intake may have the opposite effect. Using a controlled feeding design, we compared liver fat responses to a hypocaloric KD with a placebo (PL) versus an energy-matched low-fat diet (LFD) in overweight adults. We also examined the added effect of a ketone supplement (KS). Overweight adults were randomized to a 6-week KD (KD + PL) or a KD with KS (KD + KS); an LFD group was recruited separately. All diets were estimated to provide 75% of energy expenditure. Weight loss was similar between groups (p > 0.05). Liver fat assessed by magnetic resonance imaging decreased after 6 week (p = 0.004) with no group differences (p > 0.05). A subset with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (liver fat > 5%, n = 12) showed a greater reduction in liver fat, but no group differences. In KD participants with NAFLD, 92% of the variability in change in liver fat was explained by baseline liver fat (p < 0.001). A short-term hypocaloric KD high in saturated fat does not adversely impact liver health and is not impacted by exogenous ketones. Hypocaloric low-fat and KDs can both be used in the short-term to significantly reduce liver fat in individuals with NAFLD.